Improvement of biocompatibility and osteogenic properties
By altering the roughness and bioactivity of titanium alloy surfaces, the adhesion, proliferation, and integration of osteoblasts can be promoted, thus improving the biocompatibility of implants. For example, through techniques such as sandblasting, acid etching, laser surface texturing, plasma spraying, etc., micron- or nano-sized structures conducive to cell adhesion can be created on the implant surface.
Improvement of wear and corrosion resistance
Through high-temperature gas heat treatment, discharge plasma sintering and other techniques, it is possible to improve the surface organisation of titanium alloys and increase their wear and corrosion resistance, which is particularly important for the manufacture of implants that are subject to long-term wear and tear, such as artificial joints.
Antimicrobial Properties
To prevent implant-related infections, researchers have developed a variety of surface modification techniques to impart antimicrobial properties to titanium alloys, such as superhydrophobic surfaces, hydrophilic polymers, biomimetic nanostructures, non-specific enzymes, group-sensing inhibitors, pharmaceutical antimicrobials, positively-charged substance antimicrobials, and metal ion antimicrobials.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy using microRibonucleic Acids (miRNAs) can modulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and improve the surface bioactivity of implants. For example, by immobilising nanocapsules containing miRNAs on the surface of titanium alloys, the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts can be promoted and osseointegration enhanced.
Improvement of mechanical properties
Through arc-melting treatment and high-temperature heat treatment, the composition and ratio of titanium alloys can be accurately regulated, and titanium alloys with different functions can be designed to improve their mechanical properties, such as strength, hardness and elasticity.
Preparation of bioactive coatings
Depositing bioactive substances, such as thin films of apatite, a bone-like component, on the surface of titanium alloys through techniques such as chemical conversion and electron beam physical vapour deposition can improve the bioactivity of the alloy surface and accelerate the rate of bonding between the alloy implant and the surrounding human tissue.
Photothermal, photodynamic and photoacoustic antimicrobial
Antimicrobial technologies that utilise photothermal, photodynamic and photoacoustic effects can form long-lasting, stable, light-responsive coatings on implant surfaces, which can be activated by light or acoustic waves to produce reactive oxygen species or other antimicrobial factors that can kill bacteria and prevent implant-related infections.
The application of these surface modification technologies has enabled titanium alloy materials to show great potential and advantages in biomedical applications, especially in orthopaedic implants, dental implants and cardiovascular implants.
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